Extreme Cold

'A History and Monologue on Matter and Natural Systems
in Materials Science of/for Energy Systems within
any Macroscopic Scale'.
Part 1 Chapter 1

by GP duBerger

Chapter 1: The Mystery of Heat

CC GP duBerger
Click or tap for source.
Tap twice to magnify.

t's January and it's cold in the northern hemisphere - well.... it's not really that cold. We've had worse.
Back in the 17^th century, there was what is now known as Little ice age, and because of ignorance and superstition, Cold was felt as a godlike physical presence, being only feared, endured and definitely something not to be tampered with. It was conceded in the form of "surrender", manifesting itself like a trial by ordeal which was materialized by a god.

Before there were scientists, there was what was known as “ Natural Philosophers” (today's Natural Science) who attempted to find another reason for cold.

Concerning any belief, system or hypothesis on how cold was created; they, like today's science philosophers, were divided into two camps concerning energy, which like today's particle and wave groups, there were the corpuscular (particle/Democritus) and ethereal matter (Aristotelian) groups.
(In popular culture, they became important and reached a wider audience with the invention of the printing press, publishing and distribution.)

According to the leading Aristotelianist of the time (followers of Descartes) cold was the recess of ethereal matter leaving the pores of a substance.

According to the Corpuscular philosophers (followers of Newton), Cold was an act of god whose agent/perpetrator was Frigorific Particles that acted like nitrous salts floating in the air and insinuated themselves like wedges or nails between the molecules of water, destroying their mobility and occasionally adding to their bulk since it was known that salts added to snow greatly increased cold.

This was at a time where Cold was a Material Theory, so there was as well a material theory for Heat ("materia ignis"), the first one which was invented by Henry Cavendish (Discoverer of Hydrogen) and called the Phlogiston Theory, which was mostly concerned with combustion.
This theory was later more developed by Johann Joachim Becher (Physician & Alchemist) and Joseph Priestly (Discoverer of Oxygen), which was that all things that were combustible contained "Phlogiston", a substance without colour, odour, taste, or mass which was liberated by "burning".

Of course, the Phlogiston theory is all wrong, plus there are some very important things missing in the phlogiston theory itself which involve heat that they could not of known about at the time. There were, nevertheless, some important aspects in the theory that, historically, are significant.

This is from Wikipedia with a few corrections and one addition:

J.J.Becher
Click or tap for source.
Tap twice to magnify.

“The Phlogiston theory permitted "chemists" (Note: There were no "chemists" during Cavendish's or Becher's time, but only alchemists) to bring clarification of apparent different phenomena, like combustion, metabolism, and the configuration of rust. The identification of a relation between combustion and metabolism was a forerunner, enabling recognition in that the metabolism of living organisms and combustion could be understood in terms of many related chemical processes”. This is like Louis Pasteur who linked life with chemical structure! See: Molecular asymmetry

Click or tap for source.
Tap twice to magnify.

Rust was an important concern and also a nuisance to those alchemists, who were trying to turn lead into gold, or find the philosopher's stone, that would do such a thing.
Rust was not an option.

Alchemists could turn cinnabar into mercury and mercury back into cinnabar, but they could not turn rust back into iron.
This connection between rust and combustion involving heat is from a well-known experiment that involves iron instead of salt, where rust in iron will occur much more rapidly under the influence of heat and that "burnt" iron has more mass than ordinary iron.

People who remember the old-style galvanized pipping for hot and cold water will know that the hot-water side corroded much more quickly and required a complete retrofit to zinc, copper or plastic pipes, i.e. whatever local building codes allowed. See: E VIII (Page 86-87 of 'The Experimental Basis of Chemistry: Suggestions for a Series of Experiments' by Ida Freund - (1920)

The following THERMODYNAMIC CONCEPTS should of been taught to you in elementary school. Together, they are the very foundation of the physical universe, Information theory and logic.

Further, rust will occur without the application of heat albeit more slowly which opened the door for the interrelated systems of Latent heat (Hidden Heat) and Phase transition (Phase change), Specific heat (Specific heat capacity), Internal Energy (in chemistry: Enthalpy ) to be acknowledged in relationships with Heat transfer, (convection, conduction, radiation & vaporization.), a Second-Law Entropy, (Entropy as Time's Arrow) which historically, was useful for understanding limits on the efficiency of steam engines and other Thermodynamic Closed systems, Time which would become very important in the future on the study of heat and its near-infinite applications and finally, in the 20th century, the acknowledged Principle of Thermal equilibrium (The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics) which established heat as existing in the same manner as Galileo's experiments on falling masses of different weight. ****** 000000 (Mouseover Rust and Green areas)
(In this history and monologue, Galileo Galilei is a superlative genius, far beyond any other history ever-written about him and far surpassing Issac Newton.)

The concepts of various Entropies we know of involve Systems (either an open, closed or isolated system) and all will be discussed later in detail as there are different kinds of entropy for each assembly and none by themselves have anything to do with philosophy, but only in considering all of them simultaneously we will find their metaphysics (if in terms meaning, "progression" for "meta").

This is because systems, themselves, are not only physical things but can be abstract as well, therefore they can only be correctly-viewed dynamically. They are more a construct of different assemblies put together, where they then embody an independent expression and reason, and a new power and spirit that would be as valuable to life, science as they would be to art, including their philosophies.

Thermodynamics explains its version of weight loss or weight gain.

Click or tap for source.
Tap twice to magnify.

For instance, a "simple" matter in nutrition as an example. Here we will apply the first two Thermodynamic systems (Did you read and use the links, THERMODYNAMIC CONCEPTS?) of Latent heat and Phase transition (Phase equilibrium state) and the Conservation of energy (The First Law of Thermodynamics).

We can conjugate the other thermodynamics concepts, principles and laws that will provide valuable information, but that's for later, or another time. Right now, we want to keep things simple because we want to know why Mabel gains 5 pounds by eating two pounds of chocolate and why that has to do with Thermodynamics!

To do that we begin by understanding why heat does a lot more then just heat things up or provides the energy to move around, etc, but existing as certain forms that affect entire systems, like the human body, an automobile, etc. Such a thing is Chemical Energy. Where heat is just the by-product!

Mr. So & So who is 5' 9" and weighs 145lbs gets food poisoning and suffers an incredible loss of weight. Then in this weakened condition he catches influenza B. The man pulls through, but he lost 45lbs and is incredibly weak.

A nutritionist will put him on a specific high calcium/magnesium/energy/protein diet which works up to a point, which we will say is 120lbs. and it stays there for a long time. the patient voluntarily eats more and nothing happens! He asks the nutritionist; “What's happening?” “Where is all this matter going to because I don't see it on the bathroom scale?”

A very wierd nutritionist, with time to kill, would say the body has been traumatized (as indicated by the patient losing nearly 1/3 of normal weight) the calcium/magnesium is for bones, protein gives the body the necessary building blocks to rebuild wasted muscles, and the energy (anything with sugar and fat) for building fat and stamina. “Your body is rebuilding, but with a difference!”

“Your Central nervous system (CNS) remembers that your body was attacked twice and you nearly died. This is no longer acceptable and it does not have the luxuries of the brain in creating abstract models in how to predict these things from not ever happening again. It's a primitive form of intelligence, but the only one that's endowed by Nature and so is to be respected because there is no "Mind over Matter" but there is Nature's supervision and systematic "Spinal Column and Central Nervous System over Matter”.

“Now, the CNS wants a larger margin of survival or degree of disease resistance because in its universe there is no "Scientific method" of/for proof because it's not reproducible ”. (or, “it must be reproducible to be true ”). “It does not understand this, which you will soon realize is a good thing”.

“It already happened and that's enough! Examples are, try to put your hand on a hot stove and keep it there. That's not your brain preventing you from doing that. It is your CNS doing that and has, whether primitive or not, immediate, total and complete control of your brain from performing this nonsense, where try as you might you can't even approach to do it”. “ Even the most "unfeeling" psychotic can't put his hand on the hot stove because there are no emotions in the Central Nervous System; There are only feelings. (but the neurotic might understand its meta-apophasis because he knows its true, but he doesn't like it! ”.)

“Of course, the hand could be anesthetized but even there the central nervous system, either has intelligence from whatever vestiges it has in the brain working for the C.N.S. that betray the brain; or is intelligent enough to know the difference, wherein either the case will instantly adjust the metabolism where the anesthesia is not as effective”.

“Thermodynamics has the answer you are looking for concerning your state in recovery that appears to not be moving up anymore where you remain underweight at 120lbs from another state where your weight was steadily rising”.

Click or tap for source.
Tap twice to magnify.

“Think carefully upon this: Your body is essentially an Adiabatic Second-Law-of-Thermodynamic machine that leaks”. (Adiabatic: A system that, outside of it, only communicates Work)

“How much and why it leaks has been the problem that Zen Buddhists have been trying to solve for thousands of years because of any two, or more qualities of what we leak out and communicate outside the system besides Work, oppose, compete or contradict the organism. (i.e. urine, waste, sweat, useless chatter, etc. therefore the body feeds on things it can't use, but other organisms can and the energy we do gain is often wasted on illogic and nonsense.)“

“The CNS's state of Zen Buddhist's "Nothingness" is not an ultimate attainment, but a quality to be used as a unit for a measure in attaining balance and/or equilibrium with those opposing contradictions that are always produced and are always part of existence because humans are not alone but part of a broad ecosystem”.

“Thousands of miles away: A paraphrased Jesus Christ may just as well of said: “Render to Caesar the things that are Caesar's, and to Nature the things that are Nature's.” This is the same where instead the unit for a measure is Nature and the contradiction (argument) is on 'Authority' because we are addressing two kinds of authority with different interests, but each for different reasons are necessary̵.

“I avoid the whole thing altogether and state: Regarding energy/information transfers, There are no perfect or ideal systems for living/organic entities or their systems and they are nominal because they overlap or touch each other. There are only perfect for ideal systems, for non-living inorganic systems where they never overlap”.

“All confusion, contradictions, arguments etc., exist only within overlapping boundaries between those that are isolated, closed and open thermodynamic systems for living beings or organics systems”.

Click or tap for source.
Tap twice to magnify.

“According to Thermodynamics, your weight is 120lbs Inclusive, to your normal weight! Your immune and related systems are being reprogrammed and have their own life cycle too and this takes energy, mass and time, and a lot of that mass and energy comes out as sweat or perspiration cycle. Have you been sweating in your sleep, or waking up overheated but it did not bother you like it normally would of?”

“This is no different than the temperature difference between the primary states of inorganic ice and water. Both can exist at 0°C and your 120 lbs is a similar situation that is absorbing a lot of energy but so long as you maintain your diet you are in a phase transition which when over your weight will once again go up steadily and most likely to your nominally normal weight, but be assured that this "delay" is telling you that your body will be better than it was before”.

“This energy and mass is only hidden from the bath scale but exists doing other things that are important to Nature and your body. This cannot be registered or acknowledged by just a bathroom scale”.

“There at returning to your proper weight, if you continue your present diet you'll find that your nominal weight becomes a phase change transition again where suddenly, in a big surprise your weight goes up steadily and you are in a new phase called "overweight". People who don't understand this find this a difficult problem, but with Thermodynamics speaking for your body, it is not. You know you need to change your diet and if necessary, modify some routine(s) to get back to a state of phase equilibrium. i.e. ideal weight”

The broader picture

It is important to always remember that there's are underlying principles, delegated to theory regarding any energy system mentioned, and any of them could be sufficient to power (in principle) a community. This theory involves an evolution of those thermodynamic systems (open, closed and isolated) by no longer being separate, but by their inclusion, addition or combination.

This theory, in being a working reality already exists in hybrid vehicles. Studying power-applications of hybrids is our first step towards understanding the existence of engineering energy and/or Heat where it's just a matter of invention or the conjugating of systems, or assemblies of elements like they were verbs, to apply them adaptively, while they serve all our required needs.

Now, back to Phlogiston

Click or tap for source.
Tap twice to magnify.

To recapitulate: The worst aspect of the phlogiston theory was that we create a focus and paradigm for science, in where from its inception we only consider subsonic combustion at atmospheric pressure and its chemistry (fire) as the only, and/or the most important method to create heat, energy and Work and in only one direction which became necessary because of this desire to measure and calculate while using the Decimal system exclusively (discussed later).

So besides, they already knowing that fire can exist in better and different forms besides a fluid. We must also differentiate and quantify the aspects of "burnt" metal and burnt wood or paper, etc., which weighs less when "burned", —not more like some metals, but volume-wise they are both decreased compared to their original sources.

We must consider, as well, the weight of the escaped gases and particulate matter, which must be condensed or separated immediately which requires Energy from other sources (not Work) to gather this sort of information.

Note how complicated heat is becoming already. This is not my doing, but is more because of the stercus tauri you have been taught and conditions to believe in as a pupil, all the way to high school.

Priests and Ministers make you believe in the invisible and call this real.
Scientists and teachers make you believe in closed systems and call them natural.

Thermodynamics is not qualia. As a matter a fact, its methods to describe heat systems can be used in the same manner to explain most subjective experiences more easily, and superior to maths, physics, philosophy, medicine, psychology, art, poetry or religion that when followed, augment those fields and professions.

So, besides treating qualia as a system with quantifiable elements instead of accepting people who make an exploitative career out of misery; who either taking forever to help people or never being able to help anything or anyone because they are polluted: —Thermodynamics can also rewire your brain and make you smarter than most of today's science popularizers/presenters and communicators, where you will no longer be susceptible to their lies, mistakes or balderdash.
At the very least, one would be able to distinguish between scientific opinion and opinion from scientists.

So-called facts and opinions give way to the Zeroth's law syllogistic logic, which a person of an IQ of 80 can use immediately, so you don't need to memorise, process tons of data. Just by conjugating simple or basic principles will carry one "vary" far,

In Syllogistics, Thermodynamics is not science, but more a philosophy incommunicado requiring only that one observes the action, the idea, thing, a system, the entity, etc., (in this case we will say a rock and always-increasing entropy) and by observation follow it for some proposed unit of time.

Any observable change is data which can then make proposals or provide a more accurate understanding which range from acumen to wit within a lexicon of synonyms of the word Judgment (which depends on what we are looking for, or what kind of purposeful answer we want) that, in any case, answers important questions or brings us closer to the truth.

Abstract: By epistemological standards, we would know that we are getting closer to a truth, a reality, a proof, a way or a judgement etc., by simply looking at a thesaurus and checking how many antonyms don't, or no longer apply to the dynamic in question.

This method of the logic of dynamic then allows or lends itself to any form of legitimate expressions like, for example, maths, flowcharts, diagrams, etc., even art, music and poetry! Even expressions that don't exist because they have not been invented because their insight is not necessary yet.

Click or tap for source.
Tap twice to magnify.

Successful modern artists were those who could express their breakthroughs and developments, or they were immediately understood to/by Art Critics i.e. Picasso, Marcel Duchamp, Andy Warhol etc., in this manner since the study of light and line and their offshoots in art is not much different than the study heat and entropy in science or engineering!

In another sense: It is much like the fox and hound detective work that requires that special mind that is not riddled with belief systems or scientific dogma to appreciate, deduce or implement and loves only the law and the few facts a criminal leaves as clues who with the similar economy can/will eventually catch him.

A great policeman will also think somewhat as a criminologist and/or admirers where he knows that the criminal is guilty, but can't prove it, or there are many mitigating circumstances where the long arm of the law still cannot reach to apply any justice, so he will change tactics and furnish his data to another arm of the law, whose arm is just right to catch him. Examples being; Al Capone or O.J. Simpson, Martin Shkreli etc. etc. (Their weakness and downfall are not because they laugh at society but laugh at people directly.)

This is powerful stuff because (for example) with this method I understood, sometime around 7 years ago, and in only knowing art and art history, and without knowing physics and maths beyond high school level that information was "physical and alive" by just conjugating Heat Theory and its Movements. (Thermodynamics)

Alive because subsequent strange and quantum-like aspects of/in information appeared out of nowhere, but were never out of place either and always appear(ed) at the exact proper time that practically invoke a real and very discernable Delphic Oracle-like feeling, which I relate to in their proper place in this monologue and in other essays.

Let's just say I was suddenly so "lucky" people thought of me as being a professional Research Scientist! To me it's as if "The History of Heat" (as if it were an entity) wanted to be written by someone with an artistic background.

I also have a general rule where if anything was around for at least 500 years and people swore by it, then there is something valid. (Keep in mind that artists like to keep things in context because the fringes of the unknown or forgotten are not forgotten in art and the unknown is no place for fear.)

Information made me understand that it is never practical to ask questions on how "Nothing can become something" but is a more a simpler and friendlier "Nowhere to somewhere" principle that provides a template to all existence in any manner one wishes to conjugate that. For now, I ask the reader/visitor to pay special attention to when I mention the word "Information" in this monologue/history. As in many things in life, sometimes you have to wait for it. While you wait, take a look around, where suddenly everything just snaps into position!

Just as I'm writing this section because there are so many wonderful things to discuss and friends to refer to, but I'm desperate to move on and so this appears out of nowhere and (with respect) if one understands the nature of the Quora website you'll then truly appreciate it's providence!

For your convenience, I put this valuable short essay by Stephen James Anastasi it in my public access Google Drive. See: If all the mass of the universe came from the Big Bang, where did this mass come from in the first place?

In this short essay, is mentioned the words of the great Theoretical Physicist, John Archibald Wheeler who, in his ‘It from bit’ talk concluded:
"Can we ever expect to understand existence? Clues we have, and work to do, to make headway on that issue. Surely someday, we can believe, we will grasp the central idea of it all as so simple, so beautiful, so compelling that we will all say to each other, “Oh, how could it have been otherwise! How could we all have been so blind so long!”

In the conjugation of the protocol 'From Nowhere To Somewhere', we have 'To rebuild we have to demolish first!'

Your reprogramming and de-indoctrination will begin in the same manner I teach newbies computers. —Watching them in their dumbfound amazement and seeing that they are convincing themselves that they could never learn what I'm showing them, I tell them: “I'm just showing you what you can do and what to expect.”

“ When you get your own computer you will know what is possible, then it's just a matter of learning a basic procedure, which I will show you.”
“Once you have that understood, you will be surprised at what you can master, do and find out on your own.”

I paraphrase Ms. Amber Case (a Cyborg Anthropologist, showing an ordinary cell phone), “This thing is like Mary Poppin's bag. This computer is bigger inside than outside. Inside you can put your own libraries of information, pictures, books, music and movies and find near-infinite other resources with it. ”

This, I have noted, everyone understands. I see it in their faces: Panic and Fear gives way to Excitement and Adventure!

Just to see their becalmed faces or excitement is very satisfying to me. I know immediately beforehand, I will have a good student and quick learner who won't be bothering me with stupid or leading questions, except for what I showed them to lean for.

One system I will employ here will be by describing the planet's ecology and the “History of Heat and Man” (as elements & assemblies) and walk you through 'experiences' and 'reactions', their beliefs and economics in/of their 'societies' (all treated as interacting systems). And so forth......

A 17th century phlogiston-based medical text for doctors.
Hint: When theories start to crash and burn they, historically always get recycled into some medical practice or treatment. (I have other examples)
Click or tap for source.
Tap twice to magnify.

Phlogiston: Historically, the first scientific idea that turned a quick profit.

(Well.....This is a history. Not a course on science!)

Science was now becoming more interesting to the cognoscenti and the well-to-do. It was evolving into something marketable that even the Church was taking notice. At first against (Thermodynamics), —but not for long, as making piles of money with physics countermands dogma. To this day all religions distort or suppress Thermodynamics, but not physics!

This is because, Thermodynamics is the only science method or philosophy that can disprove any theological belief conclusively and instruct readers of religious literature to read only in symbolic terms to understand it/them correctly. Religions themselves are just plain businesses that sell Heaven (or equivalent) and give Hell (or equivalent) for free.

This goes as well in reevaluating Materialism and we can explain Capitalism correctly in its proper contexts because it cannot be disproved. Let us briefly go over the "Capitalism of Heat".

Capitalism is Tricky
The heart will say, it's true purpose is to engage libertarianisms against authoritarianisms, but the heart is wrong.

What I meant by "capitalism" and "context", is that we have both good and bad ideas serving ‘Free Enterprise' (Left-leaning Libertarianism) and ' Private Enterprise' (Right-leaning Libertarianism) and the "Public Enterprise" (The Public sector, like a government agency). These economic policies date back to Roman Emperors and it is they who decide what and how machines get to the public and for what purpose and for whose benefit.

“Political ideology is best viewed as a quadrant and not a straight line pole”. (See: The opposite of libertarian political.....)

Where politics is the art of interfering in all of them, but is more like an artist using only a black and white colour palette, called, "Laws" and "Rights" instead.

Briefly: This is because we have to consider conjugating the Private-Public enterprise/sectors and Public-Private enterprise/sectors of a capitalistic economy because that is what Legislation only considers recognizable, if we examine the laws governing, Ownership, of a Copyright or a Patent, from the Laws and Rights written for individuals, groups, entities or states, public property laws and praedial servitudes, or Eminent domain rights of the state (and its agencies) concerning who, what, can and/or why and how anyone can obtain them. (People can only have rights if the state first claims them for itself.)

All of that boils down to (pun intended), who or what owns and/or controls energy, how and what format it will be sold as/is, and what system the powers-that-be decide what future is of more of interest to them.
Naturally, it is closed-energy systems that are chosen for civilizations because they deter revolution and their overthrow from absolute power because by getting rid of them also removes the ability to rebuild because of depletion. (i.e. As all revolutions have coincided with.) The difference between anthropology and politics is only context and format.

Politically, who could not blame them for wanting an insurance policy, but times have changed and there's a new player to contend with, who does not care even if you're god. Its goal is to exterminate and obliterate all of mankind like we were a disease. On top of that, this new player won't even be aware it did anything special.

Long before there were things like the so-called, "Bilderburg group", etc., etc., there were more important things, like the Sun, the Moon, The Earth, The air, water, etc., etc.; where around 10,000 years ago conditions were just right to end the last ice Age and allowed human populations to flourish, for the first time. These records exist in ice sheets in the Antarctic which can be read as the changes to Co2 content in the atmosphere. It also tells us we can only exist under a very narrow margin of particular chemistry and heat.

Now, skip ahead 10,000 years and our finest educated, most powerful are only concerned with profit. They lack the initiative of leadership and vision because they never had the benefits that struggle, personal achievement and/or building something new and original would have brought them. What we think of as technology, they only see a system for control or social experiment.

Where in reality they have turned the Earth into a Douglas Adams-like computer by interfering with Earth's geology and pretending they don't know this, or it's a gift from God for man's sole benefit. They cap this information like an oil well and think the cap will never burst or there will never be a leak, forgetting that true information is never lost.

Like anomalies are always treated with skepticism, information always reappears and often as inspiration while in possession of capable minds who by courtesy provide warning and direction, which if not heeded the information transforms like fission into questions that just grow and continue to emerge as conjugations in new situations of problems that should never have existed, until the information gets an equivalent reply.

Are we that primitive and narrow to not consider how ignored information all by itself will grow into a monster that will enter the realms of physics and geophysics? This phenomena of, "From flimsy information to hard reality" is not a miracle of magic where things appear out of nowhere, but very specific systems that appear out of practically nothing and following simple information protocols ending its cycle specifically targeting its cause. It seems the universe, itself, is alive and Earth can be seen as a showroom for this.

Its own intelligence that most experience so far and deal with is equivalent to some central nervous system intelligence or telephone exchange which all have sufficient mathematics and support systems to enact similar defensive strategies or enact changes in the protocol of a system, if the information did not have this power the Universe would of self destructed long ago.

So when/where it comes to producing engines/Work, it can be shown that it is always the bad ideas that get produced, discussed, and marketed as "good" first, which is where too-much Private Enterprise comes out as a bad thing. Now, we can leave economic idealism's because this digresses turned a profit where we see, now, on the books that there is no difference between entities like "Communist party" or "Private Corporation" because their goal is the same. To own and control everything.

Capitalism, stripped of political motives and ideologies of peer/cast systems is a powerful evolutionary tool that brings out the best in human beings, wherein in an alternate universe I would not need to write a preamble or background every couple of chapters to explain simple things because they keep changing the meaning of the important concepts to fit political/religious views, instead of the truth. Thermodynamics, unlike Physics, does not lie and should be in charge of Economic philosophy and policy.
Without energy and trade, there is no civilization, and if your source of energy and trade must be obtained through conquest or exploitation, it means that it is not sustainable, nor civilized.

Until that time happens we have its history, or preamble to read and learn from.............

“New and Improved” engines. Not New and Improved Thermodynamics

Always, "improved" versions appear when they knew all along about the evils, but best implementations of/to/for their systems because, in Thermodynamics the invention could not have existed without this knowledge beforehand.

Modern Stirling Engine
How hot and cold air function dynamically together through a third system to produce clean and efficient mechanical Work

Click or Tap to Play
Time: 17:48

We can readily see this phenomenon of good always ending last in reality in this video on the very efficient Stirling engine (adiabatic Stirling Cycle) which was invented, developed, built and proven by Robert and James Stirling. (Scottish Engineers). (see video)

Yet, teaching things by Nicolas Carnot (a theoretical physicist), like the so-called Carnot's theorem, describing things with discreet and specific processes ("irreversible") that only involve, what we know today as the Second Law of Thermodynamics (for consumers) and combustion via a closed system; developed into assembly for releasing toxic-chemical energy in their most efficient and wasteful forms are the only things taught to developing minds by teachers.

The Theoretical physicist is just the modern-day Merlin and so should be loved in the same sense one loves 'Harry Potter' and courtesans because their entire thinking is beyond Nature, which is necessary when there's a war so they can create never-before-seen weapons (like the A-bomb) for kings et al. (they'll work for anyone).

Finally, this is because war itself is unnatural because it is just one system fighting (or fighting over) another system. Its elements (people) are who pay the costs for something they would never benefit from and can more easily obtain from cooperation than annihilation.
To this day, every politician argues or manipulates for or against some system, which can be anything that does not exist, but by attaching someone's face or personality to it. (pick a "bad guy") This, they hope, creates a "situation", exactly in the same manner as a quasiparticle is discussed and treated by the theoretical physicist.
It is the teachers job in civilisations to indoctrinate children in believing as true, systems over elements and their assemblies, where the stercus taurie of history goes on. i.e. “The most things change, the more they stay the same”.

The 118-page book published in 1824 by French physicist Nicolas Carnot.
Click or tap for source.
Tap twice to magnify.

When one gets old enough to buy a car, one does not think of the implications of the Internal combustion engine. This "development" is no accident because Nicolas Carnot in his, 1824 monograph ‘Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire’, was describing better Locomotive Steam engines (to help France's economy after losing the Napoleonic wars), which is a true engine system, where the Reversible isothermal reaction was key to the entire book's discussion —Not the adiabatic "internal combustion engine", which is only a power-producing device where the Second Law of Thermodynamics, hardly, does not apply!

In fact, The Carnot Cycle accounts for a isothermal compression stroke —from steam to hot water when a condenser is provided.

Nevertheless, this is what’s promoted by modern-day physicists and teachers, as being the highest and best quality technology, engineering and thinking, mostly because of these pieces of history regarding a spectrum of inclusions and involving favoritism of scientists and their theories, by other scientists over engineers, and overdeveloped Aristotelian material heat theories involving, among other things, Connate pneuma and Descarte's Ethereal matter, Newton's Frigorific particles, Becher's Phlogiston and finally Caloric particles (discussed later).

Giorgione - Three Philosophers
Click or tap for source.
Tap twice to magnify.

Based on dispersed remarks in Aristotle's writings, which discusses material persistence through the relationship of heat and "vital heat" (body heat), as "inborn pneuma and aether".

This heat theory was his final answer to the question how the faculties of soul are transmitted, via sperm, from parent to offspring! This theory, was central in understanding the concepts between matter and form, body and soul. (Welcome to ancient thinking, which through modern theoretical physics, its matrix still survives!)

So, this must be the reason why, in how modern-day physicists, teachers, professors and mathematicians don't understand things like Stirling engines (among other devices, as will be shown). —Where like Aristotle's theory on sperm (He didn't have a microscope) they, without examining engines, create and "educate" people in their theory's about engines while congratulating themselves on a wondrous scientific achievement!

The Waitress and The Theoretical Physicist
In this clip: Sheldon (a Theoretical Physicist) mocks Penny (a waitress) over the internal combustion engine and gasoline.
😂 Laugh-O-Meter 😂 By now, you should laugh at the joke for completly different reasons than the audience laughs and be aware of it.
If not, there will be tons of other IQ-augmenting pages to read!)
and that's no joke!

Click or Tap to Play
Time: 00:49

If you viewed the viseo above, you'll already know that Stirling engines must also have a Regenerative heat ex-changer, which no heat engine does.

This shows that people who discuss these things, like in Wikipedia, where we find a LTD (low-temperature difference) engine, (among others) which ARE heat engines but with no patented regenerator, are as well given the nomenclature, "Stirling engine" which, for me, can be very frustrating and disappointing.

Nevertheless, like the Google Search engine, if one uses a scale-like system when looking through the ever-changing Wikipedia over time, we see the tides, ebb and flow of stupidity and opinion versus facts and knowledge. It was, after all, conceived as a social experiment, therefore my frustrations or any negative opinions are not findings or conclusions, but expressions of the time they were written.

Further, there are physicists, teachers and car/truck manufacturers discussing/advertising in a baroque manner, "efficiency" and Work for internal combustion engines, while insisting that they are "heat engines", when they are not.
i.e. Anything that turns a low-volume vapour into a high-volume gas to push a piston or turbine, where the chemical explosion (sound) is turned into heat (via a Muffler) and all the other heat generated is turned into waste, and the coolant is used to heat the interior is NOT a "heat engine". It's insanity!

Most of the heat that was created and discarded is just a collateral part of a chemical reaction in turning (at atmospheric pressure) a hydrocarbon of low volume into a form of carbon monoxide/dioxide that naturaly would have a higher volume. The "efficiency" in what system they relate to (a heat engine) does not exist!

Concerning Matter's states (solid, liquid gas), people are left by educators only those given by Nature, the instinctive awareness of it, which is no different as we've had in palaeolithic times, and who also had no idea what they can do for life beyond what our senses say they do.

The "Work" produced can only be calculated or measured with Gas Laws, Closed-system Thermodynamics (called a Thermodynamic system) and with Statistical mechanics (Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution) together, which in my GenX 57 years I've never heard. So, we hear Ph.D. "Dissertationese" and stercus taurie instead. These people are so good, they make bullsh*t sound better than the truth.

So we will pay the price because no one wants to learn BASIC Thermodynamics which describes and explains the implications of any mechanics, chemistry and all physical laws, or processes, and describes Movement (virtually ignored by physicists except in quantum mechanics as quasiparticles and in its myriad of synonyms as millennial self-interest, i.e. "The Environmental Movement").

But through this knowledge, we would learn, without having to think, how to properly and automatically manage energy and matter, which maintains existence and the value of real estate. Meaning thus......

Starving Polar Bear
This is what climate change looks like. It's not a stretch to imagine that, before long, our grandkids and great grandkids will also be looking for food in the trash.

Click or Tap to Open
Time: 01:22

The polar bear, today, is losing his snow-filled land and tomorrow we will lose all our coastal cities.
The Environment is just a gigantic laboratory.

We've been experimenting with animals in the laboratory for centuries. Nature has taken the experiment called "Man" to the outdoors in Her lab. Based on Her findings with Polar bears: This is what will happen to us. (see video clip)

Let us not forget about our primitive and warring economic system (i.e. the war is between the tribes 'Private enterprise' and the losing 'Free enterprise') interfering with technology via corporate lawyers and prefer to make everything perishable including everything that concerns Nature so that the same things can be sold over and over again ("new and improved") which actually stresses immovables (their value) and impedes the movement of new ideas, made necessary for their time.

This is why multinationals, trust funds, slush-fund charities and the international banks are called pimps by certain political/social groups because, like a pimp, they only understand one economic model and no nothing of potential.

Nothing in Nature is Perishable (this word should be struck from the English language), nor is anything superfluous, and things that seem to "disappear" or change are actually part of some natural cycle of which it is not beyond the intuitive scientist, empathetic poet or sympathetic artist to trace these cycles and their wondrous journeys using Thermodynamics as a philosophical tool for its elements, or as an instrument in metaphysics for its assemblies and systems.

As for "substance" since, so far, phlogiston was a material theory for heat after all; we find here, as just mentioned, with phlogiston the true birth of modern science and medicine in both good and bad forms since this "substance" was not an objective discovery, but also was not something based on superstitious ideas, or was it ever something miraculous. It was created/developed for profit!

The Survey That Wasn't
Stephen Barrett, M.D.
Click or tap for source.
Tap twice to magnify.

Beyond recycling bad ideas and bad technology, "Phlogiston" survives today for the purposes of marketing excellent apothatic epistemology.

In the 21st century, we find it the medicinal arts (Antiphlogistine and in quackery, remarkably like that from the 17th century (Enter Baron Munchhausen) and with a new name, and exists as a system and is known today as "Anti-Oxidants" with miraculous abilities (like removing wrinkles, etc.), which they sell to tired, lonely or gullible people watching/listening to late-night TV or AM Radio. (No wonder the Baron hated doctors!)

People with premature wrinkles should be balancing their diet, drinking more water and be in bed at that hour, and depending on age, getting more sex (masturbation will do) and more sleep, which would be more effective and improve other matters involving stress-related health problems, premature aging, mood, vitality and appearance.

Good health does not come from some miracle toxic tonic, but by doing careful research and adapted to you specific needs and schedule because everybody is different.

This is only the first example where I will describe the meta-truth that information goes to where it is most needed or belongs to, all by itself, which is a concept in Information theory based on the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics.

Vain people should take note of this as well as lawmakers: “There is a sufficiency in the world for man's need but not for man's greed.” —Mahatma Gandhi.
The rest of us can be content with its ‘Principle of Sufficiency’, which states: “ More things are going right than going wrong ”, which is a principle of the Zeroth Law described later (and in depth, in another monologue). It is just a question of whether we want to be included in that Principle of Nature, or not; Making imperitive the replacement of the Worldview with a more existing Cosmic view.

For now, all one have to do is say with a smile this one mantra of the Principle of Sufficiency when something bad happenned, or you must do something unpleasant/inconvenient:
“More good things happened today than bad” and I guarantee you things will improve overall everywhere instantly.

The collective interactions of a huge group of individuals (like humans beings doing “the wave” at a stadium) usually gets called a “quasiparticle”.
Click or tap to read fascinating essay and comparative explanation of, what is a quasiparticle? GD
Click or tap for source. Tap twice to magnify.

Anyway, ideas and philosophy on Substance and Energy fields were evolving, and getting closer to how electromagnetic fields and quasiparticles, are considered and known today by real scientists as opposed to celebrity scientists or "communicators".

When you think about it; that is exactly what a theory like, in this example, 'phlogiston' is supposed to be and do: Just point you in the right direction, and it doesn't need to be perfect either plus the good parts always lead to new things anyway, but the problem here is that science and its edifices in history, like the Royal Society and its members did not go far enough and they ended up only attacking things like religion or Aristotle to make up for their own deficiencies.

By acknowledging Aristotle in the first place, where by the 18th and 19th centuries they should of abandoned him with the power and proof of/in these new emerging and unique philosophies, and forge-ahead something new if what they had to sell, or say, to the public was the absolute truth instead of attacking faith, the Church and its pet philosophers. This shows that learned men had something to hide by floating ideas and flooding media and academia with such nonsense and stupidity in the first place.

Representation of St Augustine
Click or tap for source.
Tap twice to magnify.

Concerning the Church: There was always the ever-popular St. Augustine to consider too before the 19th century (both, Aristotle and Augustine were still read at the time, of which the Jesuits were busy vindicating Aristotle), with things like Aristotle's, “The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.” (among other things) which, with the exception of quantum physics and mass (i.e. E= MC²) still holds true today and would of been an explanation for, "Inevitable Theory Failure".)

The Church, itself, traditionally supported the interpretive and symbolic St. Augustine (Aristotle was not rediscovered until the 11th century), “ Of an intimate relation between space, time, and matter; all three, according to St. Augustine in his, 'Confessions and the City of God', came into being as a unity and ways of speaking that purport to separate them - such as "outside the universe" or "before the beginning of the universe" are, in fact, meaningless ”.
It is the opinion's of many that Augustine's way of thinking has a strong resonance with General Relativity "^W and may I also include the work of Ernst Mach. (Austrian Physicist)

The Holy See never burned books, but only forbade them and instead tortured and/or burned at the stake its authors, and (using Phlogiston unwittingly) they let the ancient books rot and oxidise in monasteries.

The choreography and theatrics were always flamed by bishops (who overstepped their authority) or Protestants, clerics, extremists, splinter groups and heretics who burned books among other activities. See the latest: 'Outrage: Extremists take ancient statues, damage Iraqi site' by By Vivian Salama and Cara Anna, March 6, 2015
Anyway, more on Aristotle and Augustine later, but first let's consider Richard Feynman (a Nobel Laureate in Physics) on this matter concerning whole's and sum's and theory failure:

“Each piece, or part, of the whole of nature is always merely an approximation to the complete truth, or the complete truth so far as we know it.
In fact, everything we know is only some kind of approximation, because we know that we do not know all the laws as yet. Therefore, things must be learned only to be unlearned again or, more likely, to be corrected.” ^FI

I would add to Feynman's comments; That we are part of Nature, so it is impossible to "know" Nature as if it were something separate from ourselves.

The good part of Phlogiston is its bad part: ‘The Rot/Rust Conundrum’

Page from an old book on Natural Philosophy
Click or tap for source. Tap twice to magnify.

Remember earlier: “The Phlogiston theory permitted clarification of the different systems, for combustion and of metabolism, by rust”?
“This enabled recognition in that the metabolism, and combustion could be understood in terms of many related chemical processes”.

This made it clear that Aristotle's "Material persistence", "Connate pneuma", his theory on the relationship of heat and body heat, and how the faculties of soul are transmitted via sperm, between aether, matter and the body?
This was not as good as Phlogiston!

For anything, of what the natural philosopher knew back then through other means concerning "theory failure"; it was that all things should be expected to fail anyway beyond a certain magnitude or point in time. Their initial purpose was to disprove things, —Not prove things.

A theory would of been just a tool at reaching this "larger magnitude" because we discover at that point we were in a closed system, much like the evolution of all the relativistic theories from (mouseover -->) Galileo to Einstein, or any form of subject involving any type of dynamics where if you maintain the Work it will not dissipate the action or purpose, instead of making hyperbolic rules and premature universal laws of Nature.

This would have been a natural philosopher's fundamental approach to Entropy (should they of discovered it) for any "metaphysical" closed system, later known in physics through/as the Second Fundamental Theorem, created by Rudolf Clausius (a Prussian physicist and mathematician).

This is all really disguised political pre-economics theory and philosophy invented during the Industrial revolution that serves the purposes of warfare and private enterprise and has very little to do with "science" itself, or free enterprise.

In this case, involving heat and cold, and an open/closed/isolated-system "Entropy" (which didn't exist yet at the time of Becher) and it would have been a form of thermal inactivity of any kind, in its theoretical inability to produce or reproduce any kind of work or rust (zero entropy) or power except to the system's own "destruction" instead of "transformation" which would of been an alternate foundation to/for modern physics.

Emergence of vortex structure in a rotating Bose-Einstein condensate.
Click or tap for source.
Tap twice to magnify.

Disregarding its esoteric history: It is via the Phlogiston theory that the Bose-Einstein Condensate was naturally theorized in its inception phase (Research: The work of Guillaume Amontons & not just with Wikipedia) where at a certain temperature and pressure/vacuum, a thing like "rust" and its properties we are all accustomed to, would no longer be possible, but Work was, or could, still be produced and this could only be so if the matter itself changed into a different phase (i.e. water, gas, liquid), and it is this new theoretical phase that is responsible for any changes in properties and characteristics of that particular matter which can produce Work.

One will find that where there is no more motion, movement or vibration there is no matter either in any state except as a plenist form of non-existence, which may or may not be some other state of matter, but if that is so (and this is more likely since Dark matter/energy can fit neatly here and no longer need to be classified separately, or appear mysterious) then there are other states beyond non-existence as well and it is a thing like "rust" that points the reason why and then the way to go because everything, including "nothing" has properties, even by our own level of understanding things so far.

We find that it is only the system itself that has changed or affected not the individual elements! Or, the system has been transformed into another type, which in this case is Alchemy, where "Rust" is a closed system concept.

Making An Authentic Samurai Sword

Click or tap to open
Time: 08:26

But "Ferric oxide" and it's Work can be found in open, closed or isolated systems and concepts, to do all sorts of jobs in Nature, where each have different purposes, agendas, dynamics, paradigms and get/place their energy from/to entirely different sources/places which involve cycle's operations in entirely different ways and means, which are impossible to include or describe as one thing in closed-system mathematics or by what they call a formula (really an "endo-formula").

This is the true birth of modern Chemistry where serious people in Natural philosophy and doing real research in Nature (more later) stopped using Alchemist's terms like, "rust" and replaced it "Ferric Oxide".
With future development in the course and passage of time, the "Philosopher's Stone" was replaced be "Nuclear Chemistry". This is all because of Thermodynamics and its wonderful history which treats science as a journey and not some meaningless dogmatic state of affairs run by committees.

Their differences do not even exist in any political or economic theory so far, but can in literature, poetry or protocol or in other areas like in liturgy or ritual, like in the making of Samurai swords, being a beautiful example and expression, which employs all three systems in the manipulation of matter and energy in their creation. (see clip above)

The first Syllogism (The foundation of logic) in existence, and is to be found everywhere in the Universe:
The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamic.
Click or tap for source. Tap twice to magnify.

The difference would of been that this "failure", by way of understanding Nature through the thoughts of the natural philosopher, it ends up creating new and better things via the discovery of Thermal Equilibrium, which would put a limit to any closed-system entropic activity automatically (exactly like the dynamic of the Universe's Background Radiation) and be "in tune" with any adjacent open system, where with understanding ideas though the scientist (who came later), things just get worse permanently with their ideas of man-made unlimited power with no thermal equilibrium regulating that and the solution is always to just add more heat, and more fuel or adding more closed system devices (as elements) to the system.

The Science Delusion
Rupert Sheldrake describes (with examples) the differences between bad modern science (dogmatic) versus good science. Here we see an example of dogmatic scientists, as reported by Sheldrake, of the inappropriate use of Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity with the use of Lorentz contraction as an excuse.

Click or Tap to Open
Time: 18:19

Although the phlogiston theory was wrong, it was not all bad because it all pointed in the right direction by embracing simplicity in the most important way, like the ( "without colour, odour, taste, or mass" ) part of this theory and distinctions concerning this will be looked at more closely later-on in this monologue.

Anyway, this is remarkable because it was still a material theory, but we see the beginnings of a transition in thought that was itself as wonderfully transitive as the not-yet-existing Zeroth Law of Thermodynamic where this law of Nature also designates and supplies its own third assembly in it's dynamic, where phlogiston's "No Mass" seamlessly becomes modern Thermodynamic's "Any Mass"!

We are more interested now in the where, when, how and why, and their changes than in absolute values (which is also a way of seeing the dual evolution of really bad science and really good science (not forgetting their accompanying bad science books and videos).

Not to worry. All bad science today is mostly found only in physics, —especially theoretical physics and cosmology originating from the United States because they are mostly just philosophy and don't have any part in any history of Thermodynamics but ironically in ancient philosophy and ancient religions. These days, students study theoretical physics in Europe and that's where it's happening.

This is why they have so many presenters, communicators, promoters of physics, theoretical physics and cosmology. Ph.D.'s in physics, theoretical physics and cosmology are handed out these days like hamburgers at a fast-food.

Human beings are actually quite smart.
There is only stupidity in the way.

Considering an enormous lack of proper scientific instruments in the past; we find that, observation, conjecture, natural philosophy, intuition and instinct were right on target the first time because the only means for discovery, and disproving things, was by using equilibrium and/or equivalency which existed before the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamic, and is the next best thing, being that Thermal Equilibrium and its transitive way in functioning is a major principle in this Law of Nature, and its philosophy is not confined exclusively to heat, just like the 'Conservation of Energy' is a major part of The First Law of Thermodynamics, and also applies to all philosophy, i.e. “If it's Conserved, it exists”. (Not, "I think, therefore I am" because that statement makes many assumptions and it makes man the measure of/for all things; all pending approval.)

The Clausian (always increasing) entropy of the Second Law of Thermodynamic is also something to be reexamined since it only deals in classical-mechanical closed systems and because of this should not, in any way, be some post-modern middle-class philosophy of life in both its passive or aggressive manifestations.

GP duBerger

Chapter 2 - ‘ The Twisting of Our Perceptions of/in Matter and Energy ’

Go to top of page